The western flower thrips is the most efficient vector of tomato spotted wilt virus. Morse jg, hoddle ms 2006 invasion biology of thrips. This virus is one of about twenty known species of tospoviruses pappu et al. South east asia pest thrips species, thrips parvispinus karny, is a serious pest on a number of agricultural and horticultural crops in a number of plant families. Colonization of onions by endophytic fungi and their. Chilli thrips photos and research university of florida. Uga cooperative extension circular 1158 biology and management of thrips affecting the production nursery and. In both experiments, there were primarily two morphologically similar thrips types on the sticky cards and flower tapped samples that were noticeably different in size additional file 2, and in the uk experiment, a relatively larger black thrips species was observed, individuals of which were excluded from the counts. The orchid thrips was identified as the primary cause of the rind blemish damage to clustered fruit in florida childers and achor, unpublished. Biology and control of thrips on seedling cotton thrips are the smallest of all cotton insect pests with an overall body length of less than onetwelfth of an inch.
Powerpoint, pdf plant pests of regulatory significance thrips in central florida pdf. Biology of a new species of socially parasitic thrips. Some of the common thrips affecting landscape and nursery plants are described below. Thrips can also be described by their hosts or distinctive body features, such as the western flower thrips, greenhouse thrips, and redbanded thrips. Dry hot years 20122018 helps pupae survive in the soil and accelerates the development of the thrips. They feed by puncturing the epidermal outer layer of host tissue and sucking out the cell contents, which results in stippling, discolored flecking, or silvering of the leaf surface. Scirtothrips oligochaetus, which has been regarded by several authors as the same species as s. Current control options are not likely to maintain thrips below 20 per plant. There are about 5000 described species of thrips insects in the order thysanoptera 1,2. A new attractant for monitoring western flower thrips. The ecological niche adaptation revealed in this study may be among the key factors determining the astonishing invasion potential.
Transmission specificity can be broad or narrow but it is a prominent feature for numerous viruses. Epidemics of tomato spotted wilt virus occur frequently in. Pdf biology and ecology of the western flower thrips. The pest status of onion thrips can be attributed to its polyphagous nature, high reproductive rate, short generation time, high survival of cryptic nonfeeding prepupa and pupa instars, ability to. Cyclamen mite overwinter as adult females in the strawberry crown or as eggs. Unlike the hemiptera true bugs, the right mandible of thrips is reduced and vestigial and in some species completely absent. Thripidae, is a pest in commercially produced onion allium cepa l. They have a wide host range consisting of hundreds of plant species that includes all the major greenhouse vegetable crops and many commonly grown ornamentals. Dorsal view of adult chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood. If you do not see its contents the file may be temporarily unavailable at the journal website or you do not have a pdf plugin installed and enabled in your browser. Thrips order thysanoptera are minute slender insects with fringed wings and unique. Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and.
Western flower thrips, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s1980s. Biology of a new species of socially parasitic thrips thysanoptera. However, although phytophagy is the predominant habit, some species partake of both types of food and others subsist only on insect food. Biological insecticides such as the fungi beauveria bassiana and verticillium lecanii can kill. Heinrich uzel, the father of thysanoptera studies pdf. Biological host plant resistance cultural practices chemical control. Many other species of thripidae share these attributes of western flower thrips and therefore could emerge as significant pests.
Thrips are one of the most if not the most important greenhouse pests in canada and throughout the world. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation. To control this pest, invasion biology, monitoring, and integrated pest management have been generally and intensively studied for 15 years in china. Invasion biology of thrips 69 introduction pathways and establishment frequently, successfully established nonnative thrips species are introduced accidentally, repeatedly, and discontinuously over long periods from one or more ranges into new areas 50, 122, 159. Thrips belong to the order thysanoptera, which means fringewinged insects. Pdf invasion biology, ecology, and management of western. Description top of page adults the structure of the mouthparts of adult females of t. The chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood, is an important pest of various vegetable, ornamental and fruit crops in southern and eastern asia, africa, and oceania ananthakrishnan 1993, cabieppo 1997, cab 2003. Most feed on fungi and live in leaf litter or on dead wood.
Unfortunately, the lack of effective controls, and thrips biology, make a threshold this low impractical. Female colour pale yellow, except antennal segment iii usually dark at apex, iv and v usually dark with base pale, vi and vii dark. We examine current knowledge regarding the biology of western flower thrips, with an emphasis on characteristics that contribute to its invasiveness and pest. Thus, producers use a variety of thresholds to trigger insecticide.
Nault5,6 1department of entomology, cornell university, ithaca, ny 14853. Pdf western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s1980s. Identification and biology thrips are generally very small up to 2 millimeters mm, or 110 inches, in length and their colors range from pale yellow to black. Thrips management in garlic and onions identification is the 1st step to pest management biology of the pest. To control this pest, invasion biology, monitoring, and integrated pest management have been generally and intensively studied for 15. The two main thrips vector species associated with the initial tsw epidemic in the southeastern united states were the tobacco thrips, frankliniella fusca hinds, and the western flower thrips, f. State key laboratory for biology of plant disease and insect pests. Frankliniella occidentalis western flower thrips cabi.
Biology and pest status of western flower thrips 7 biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. In recent years, melon thrips has spread from southeast asia to most of the rest of asia, and to many pacific ocean islands, north africa, australia, central and south america, and the caribbean. Based on an integrated approach of morphology and dna barcoding, invasion of this serious pest is reported first time from india on papaya plantations. Thrips feeding is usually accompanied by black varnishlike flecks of frass excrement. Citrus thrips biology and management beth graftoncardwell dept of entomology, uc riverside kearney ag center and lindcove rec technical staff. Adults are not visible without magnification 1100 inch long. However, two other thrips species, the greenhouse thrips and d. Pupa is hidden in soil or curled leaves for chilli thrips and is not typically. Morphological and dna barcoding evidence for invasive pest.
Biology and economic importance of flower thrips 3 figure 6. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides, leading to the development of insecticide resistance. Field response of onion thrips and new zealand flower thrips to single and binary blends of thrips lures volume 142 issue 1 michael j. Managing thrips in pepper and eggplant 2 mellinger 2009, weiss et al. The western flower thrips is the most widespread and troublesome thrips for british columbia growers, but other species can also be serious pests. The life cycle of thrips consists of the egg stage, followed by two larval stages, two. Thrips, order thysanoptera, are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings. Chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood, is a polyphagous plant pest that inhabits tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of the world. Managing thrips in pepper and eggplant ufifas extension.
Observed and simulated numbers of juvenile and adult onion thrips under smallgradual invasion scenario. The tremendous growth in international agricultural trade that developed then fostered the invasiveness of western flower thrips. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop dam age, vectoring viral. Overview a number species of thrips demonstrate predaceous behavior, and in previous years the entire order was considered to be essentially predaceous rather than phytophagous.
Biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. Biology and management of thrips university of georgia. Abstract thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Biology of western flower thrips the general life cycle of western flower thrips is similar to that of other species in the family thripidae, consisting of an egg, 2 active feeding larval instars, 2 relatively. Despite their small size, these insects have the potential to cause yield reductions of more than 100 pounds of lint per acre. Other names used to refer to this insect include assam thrips, castor thrips, berry thrips, or yellow tea thrips. As spring flowers senesce, crop fields become islands for. The melon thrips, thrips palmi karny, is a major pest of vegetables and some other important crops. Thrips have asymmetrical mouthparts unique to the group. Thripidae on japanese fruit trees by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism of the ribosomal its2 region volume 92 issue 4 s. At low densities mites are usually found along midvein of young unfolded leaves and under the calyx of newly emerged flower buds. Download citation invasion biology of thrips thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Photograph by lance osborne, entomology and nematology department. Several biological factors make western flower thrips an ideal invasive species to be spread by human activity.
The species that feed on higher plants occur mostly in the family thripidae. Western flower thrips probably the most serious pest of ornamentals in greenhouses parrella 1995 ir4 considers this pest number one most years for research in ornamentals efficient vector for many tospviruses, tswv, insv direct damage to buds and flowers, usually damaged much earlier impact on the greenhouse industry. The left mandible is used briefly to cut into the food plant. Invasion biology of thrips invasion biology of thrips morse, joseph g hoddle, mark s.